Why is isotonic solution used as parenteral solutions

The amount of osmotic pressure depends on the ratio between the concentration of ions in the infused solution and the concentration of ions in cell fluid. Water moves from an area of low ion concentration a hypotonic solution to an area of higher ion concentration a hypertonic solution. When the number of protein molecules in plasma is low, such as in proteinuria seen with uncontrolled diabetes or protein-calorie malnutrition known as kwashiorkor, fluid moves into and stays in the interstitial spaces, where it's unavailable to meet the body's hydration needs.

This is a type of third-space fluid shift , also called third-spacing. This condition sequesters fluid in the interstitial and intracellular spaces and in a third-body space such as the intestinal lumen where it doesn't support circulation. Parenteral solutions are classified according to their tonicity relative to normal blood plasma. Here's how the three fluid types act in the body. That's why isotonic solutions such as 0. Because these solutions expand the intravascular compartment, closely monitor the patient for signs and symptoms of fluid overload, especially if he has a history of hypertension or heart failure.

Although D 5 W is isotonic in the bag, it acts like a hypotonic solution once it enters the bloodstream because simple sugars such as dextrose are the preferred energy source for cells. The low concentration of dextrose in D 5 W is quickly consumed by the cells lining the vein and circulating in the bloodstream.

Use this solution with caution in patients at risk for increased intracranial pressure ICP. The liver converts lactate to bicarbonate, so don't give lactated Ringer's solution if the patient has a serum blood pH above 7. Potassium chloride may be added in low concentrations to replace losses from the gastrointestinal system.

Isotonic Solutions Isotonic solutions are IV fluids that have a similar concentration of dissolved particles as blood. Figure Monitor closely for hypervolemia, especially with heart failure or renal failure. Often used during surgery. Should not be used if serum pH is greater than 7.

May elevate potassium levels if used with renal failure. Should not be used for fluid resuscitation because after dextrose is metabolized, it becomes hypotonic and leaves the intravascular space, causing brain swelling. Used to dilute plasma electrolyte concentrations. Hypotonic 0. Monitor closely for hypovolemia, hypotension, or confusion due to fluid shifting into the intracellular space, which can be life-threatening.

Avoid use in patients with liver disease, trauma, and burns to prevent hypovolemia from worsening. Monitor closely for cerebral edema. Monitor closely for hypovolemia, hypotension, or confusion due to fluid shifting out of the intravascular space, which can be life-threatening.

Nursing, 41 5 , The administration set gives and so we need to convert the total infusion volume into drops. Let the drops per minute required to deliver the infusion solution be y. With some drugs, the IV administration is stated as the amount of drug, rather than the volume, to be infused over a specified time period.

A 56 kg female patient requires amphotericin by IV infusion at a dose of. The concentration of the final solution must not be more than.

A vial of amphotericin contains 50 mg. Calculate the dose of amphotericin and the volume of IV solution required by the patient if the solution contains the maximum concentration.

If the solution has to be delivered in 2. If a mg vial is used to prepare the IV solution, what is the total volume of the solution prepared? If the maximum concentration of amphotericin is , then the volume required for 14 micrograms will need to be calculated. If the infusion has to be over 2. Let the rate of delivery per minute be y. Setting up proportional sets and converting 2. The delivery rate will be. Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

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